Instrumentos para diagnóstico e rastreamento do transtorno de ansiedade social adaptados para à realidade brasileira / Social anxiety disorder diagnostic and screening tools adapted for the brazilian reality

Objetivo: descrever perante a literatura os instrumentos para diagnóstico e rastreamento do Transtorno de Ansiedade Social (TAS) que sejam adaptados à realidade brasileira. Método: revisão de literatura exploratória e descritiva, realizado através das bases de dados: PubMED, BVS e Scielo. No mês de agosto de 2022 com recorte temporal de 2017 a 2022. Sendo inclusos, documentos que versavam a respeito dos instrumentos para diagnóstico e rastreamento do TAS, adaptados à realidade brasileira. Resultado: ao revisar a literatura foram encontrados 14 documentos dentre as escalas de reconhecimento e rastreamento do TAS com validação e adaptação transcultural para realidade brasileira, foram encontrados quatro: Questionário de Ansiedade social para Adultos; Escala de Ansiedade em Interação Social Reduzida; Escala de Ansiedade Social Reduzida e a Escala de Ansiedade Social de Liebowitz versão auto aplicada. Conclusão:há uma minoria de estudos validados e adaptados aos brasileiros dificultando assim o diagnóstico, tratamento precoce e a avaliação multidisciplinar.(AU)

Objective: to describe in the literature the instruments for diagnosis and screening of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) that are adapted to the Brazilian reality. Method: exploratory and descriptive literature review, conducted through the databases: PubMED, BVS and Scielo. In August 2022, with a time frame of 2017 to 2022. Included were documents about the instruments for diagnosis and screening of SAD, adapted to the Brazilian reality. Result: After reviewing the literature, 14 documents were found among the SAD recognition and screening scales with validation and cross-cultural adaptation for the Brazilian reality, four were found: Adult Social Anxiety Questionnaire; Reduced Social Interaction Anxiety Scale; Reduced Social Anxiety Scale, and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, self-applied version. Conclusion: there is a minority of studies validated and adapted to Brazilians thus hindering diagnosis, early treatment and multidisciplinary assessment.(AU)

Objetivo:describir através de la literatura los instrumentos para el diagnóstico y rastreodelTrastorno de Ansiedad Social (TAS) que se adaptan a la realidade brasileña. Método:revisión bibliográfica exploratoria y descriptiva, realizada a través de las bases de datos: PubMED, BVS y Scielo. En agosto de 2022 conunplazo de 2017 a 2022. Se incluyeron documentos sobre los instrumentos de diagnóstico y cribadodelTAS, adaptados ala realidade brasileña. Resultados: al revisar la literatura se encontraron 14 documentos dentro de las escalas de reconocimiento y rastreo de laTASconvalidación y adaptación transcultural a la realidade brasileña, se encontraroncuatro: Questionário de Ansiedade social para Adultos; Escala de Ansiedade em Interação Social Reduzida; Escala de Ansiedade Social Reduzida y la Escala de Ansiedade Social de Liebowitzversión auto aplicada. Conclusión:hay una minoría de estudios validados y adaptados a losbrasileños, lo que dificulta el diagnóstico, el tratamento precoz y laevaluación multidisciplinar. (AU)

Instrumentos para diagnóstico e rastreamento do transtorno de ansiedade social adaptados para à realidade brasileira / Instrumentos de diagnóstico y cribado del trastorno de ansiedad social adaptados a la realidad brasileña / Social anxiety disorder diagnostic and screening tools adapted for the brazilian reality

Objetivo: descrever perante a literatura os instrumentos para diagnóstico e rastreamento do Transtorno de Ansiedade Social (TAS) que sejam adaptados à realidade brasileira. Método: revisão de literatura exploratória e descritiva, realizado através das bases de dados: PubMED, BVS e Scielo. No mês de agosto de 2022 com recorte temporal de 2017 a 2022. Sendo inclusos, documentos que versavam a respeito dos instrumentos para diagnóstico e rastreamento do TAS, adaptados à realidade brasileira. Resultado: ao revisar a literatura foram encontrados 14 documentos dentre as escalas de reconhecimento e rastreamento do TAS com validação e adaptação transcultural para realidade brasileira, foram encontrados quatro: Questionário de Ansiedade social para Adultos; Escala de Ansiedade em Interação Social Reduzida; Escala de Ansiedade Social Reduzida e a Escala de Ansiedade Social de Liebowitz versão auto aplicada.Conclusão:há uma minoria de estudos validados e adaptados aos brasileiros dificultando assim o diagnóstico, tratamento precoce e a avaliação multidisciplinar.(AU)

Objective: to describe in the literature the instruments for diagnosis and screening of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) that are adapted to the Brazilian reality. Method: exploratory and descriptive literature review, conducted through the databases: PubMED, BVS and Scielo. In August 2022, with a time frame of 2017 to 2022. Included were documents about the instruments for diagnosis and screening of SAD, adapted to the Brazilian reality. Result: After reviewing the literature, 14 documents were found among the SAD recognition and screening scales with validation and cross-cultural adaptation for the Brazilian reality, four were found: Adult Social Anxiety Questionnaire; Reduced Social Interaction Anxiety Scale; Reduced Social Anxiety Scale, and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, self-applied version. Conclusion: there is a minority of studies validated and adapted to Brazilians thus hindering diagnosis, early treatment and multidisciplinary assessment.(AU)

Objetivo:describir através de la literatura los instrumentos para el diagnóstico y rastreodelTrastorno de Ansiedad Social (TAS) que se adaptan a la realidade brasileña. Método:revisión bibliográfica exploratoria y descriptiva, realizada a través de las bases de datos: PubMED, BVS y Scielo. En agosto de 2022 conunplazo de 2017 a 2022. Se incluyeron documentos sobre los instrumentos de diagnóstico y cribadodelTAS, adaptados ala realidade brasileña. Resultados: al revisar la literatura se encontraron 14 documentos dentro de las escalas de reconocimiento y rastreo de laTASconvalidación y adaptación transcultural a la realidade brasileña, se encontraroncuatro: Questionário de Ansiedade social para Adultos; Escala de Ansiedade em Interação Social Reduzida; Escala de Ansiedade Social Reduzida y la Escala de Ansiedade Social de Liebowitzversión auto aplicada. Conclusión:hay una minoría de estudios validados y adaptados a losbrasileños, lo que dificulta el diagnóstico, el tratamento precoz y laevaluación multidisciplinar.(AU)

Latent profile analysis and influencing factors of patients with phobia after percutaneous coronary intervention / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate phobia of acute myocardial infarction(AMI)patients after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI), analyze its latent profile and explore the influencing factors in different categories.Methods:Three hundreds and thirty-five AMI patients who received PCI in Emergency Department ofthe First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University from January 2021 to June 2022 were selected by convenient sampling method and prospective research as the survey objects. The basic situation questionnaire, cardiophobia scale (TSK-SV Heart), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Connor Davidson Psychoelasticity Scale (CD-RISC) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) were selected to investigate them, and the linear growth model was selected to analyze the latent profile of postoperative phobia in AMI patients.Results:The score of post-operative phobia in AMI patients was (44.47 ± 7.25) points, and the latent profile analysis showed that AMI patients were classified into psychological type (156 cases, 46.57%), physiological type (164 cases, 48.96%) and severe type (15 cases, 4.47%). The severe phobia type was selected as the reference group, and multiple logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the severe phobia type, age, resilience, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and no or mild anxiety were significant influencing factors for phobia after PCI in patients with psychophobia type AMI ( P<0.05), while age and resilience were significant influencing factors for phobia after PCI in patients with physiological phobia type AMI ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Through latent profile analysis, there are three types of phobia in AMI patients after PCI: psychophobia, physiological phobia and severe phobia. Postoperative phobia is affected by psychological resilience, PTSD, age, chronic disease and depression. Therefore, targeted intervention should be carried out for AMI patients based on different characteristics of phobia after PCI to enhance their enthusiasm for rehabilitation.

General anesthesia versus deep sedation for dental treatment in children: comparison of parental acceptance, oral health-related quality of life, and treatment efficacy / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the parental acceptance of dental treatment under general anesthesia and deep sedation in children and assess the changes in postoperative oral health-related quality of life and treatment efficacy.@*METHODS@#The parents of 131 children undergoing dental treatment in the Department of Stomatology of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from January, 2022 to June, 2022 were surveyed using a questionnaire of children's advanced oral behavior management, and 83 children receiving general anesthesia or deep sedation for dental treatment between January, 2018 and December, 2021 were also investigated for changes in quality of life after the treatment using a questionnaire. The treatment efficacy was assessed at the 1-year follow-up visit in 149 children who received dental treatment under general anesthesia or deep sedation during the same period.@*RESULTS@#The survey of perantal acceptance showed that 62.6% of the parents preferred deep sedation, 29.01% preferred general anesthesia, and 8.4% preferred compulsory treatment. Dental treatments under general anesthesia and deep sedation both significantly improved oral health-related quality of life of the children. While dental surgeries under general anesthesia resulted in the most significant improvement of pain symptoms, deep sedation was associated with both obvious relief of the children's pain symptoms and reduction of the parents' pressure level. No significant difference was found in the efficacy of treatments under general anesthesia and deep sedation at the 1-year follow-up.@*CONCLUSION@#Dental treatment in children under deep sedation has the highest parental acceptance, followed by treatment under general anesthesia, and the acceptance of compulsory treatment is the lowest. The treatments under general anesthesia and deep sedation significantly improve the quality of life of the children and their parents and both have good treatment efficacy.

Assessment of corona-phobia in university students with the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S): A cross-sectional analysis / Evaluación de la corona-fobia en estudiantes universitarios mediante la Escala de Fobia COVID-19 (C19P-S): Un análisis transversal

Abstract Introduction Disease phobia may impose distressing manifestations along with compromised quality of life, particularly in young age. COVID-19 caused substantial psychological concerns in general population which required the attention of health authorities to address the issue as soon as possible. Objective This study was aimed to determine COVID-19 phobia in Pakistani youth during the current pandemic. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted to ascertain the extent of fear of COVID-19 among university students in Lahore, Pakistan using the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Psychological, somatic, social, and economic factors were ascertained among students. The relationship of demographics with the phobia score was determined through appropriate statistical tests. Result This study included 374 students with a male preponderance (64.7%). The mean C19P-S score was 59.08 ± 14.44 (IQR: 50 - 70), with no significant difference among demographics except gender (male 57.65 ± 14.77 vs female 61.70 ± 13.47; p = .009). The mean psychological, psycho-somatic, economic, and social subscale scores were 19.59 ± 5.00 (25th percentile = 16 and 75th percentile = 24), 12.29 ± 4.56 (25th percentile = 10 and 75th percentile = 15), 11.22 ± 3.67 (25th percentile = 8 and 75th percentile = 14) and 15.97 ± 4.04 (25th percentile = 13.75 and 75th percentile = 19), respectively. Male students had a significantly lower score on social and psychological subscales than females (p< .05). Discussion and conclusion One fourth of the students achieved a fear score > 70 on C19P-S. These results indicate the need of dire maneuvers for reducing corona-phobia among university students.

Resumen Introducción La fobia a las enfermedades puede imponer malestar psicológico y comprometer la calidad de vida, particularmente en edades tempranas. El COVID-19 causó serias preocupaciones psicológicas en la población en general y éstas requieren la atención de las autoridades de salud para abordar el problema cuanto antes. Objetivo Este estudio buscó determinar la fobia al COVID-19 en jóvenes paquistaníes durante la pandemia actual. Método Se realizó un estudio transversal basado en la web para evaluar el miedo al COVID-19 entre los estudiantes universitarios en Lahore; para esto se utilizó la Escala de Fobia COVID-19 (C19P-S). Se evaluaron factores psicológicos, somáticos, sociales y económicos entre los estudiantes. La relación de la demografía con la puntuación de fobia se determinó mediante pruebas estadísticas apropiadas. Resultados Este estudio incluyó a 374 estudiantes con preponderancia masculina (64.7%). La puntuación media de C19P-S fue 59.08 ± 14.44 (IQR: 50 - 70), sin diferencias significativas entre los datos demográficos, excepto el género (hombres 57.65 ± 14.77 versus mujeres 61.70 ± 13.47; p = .009). Las puntuaciones medias de las subescalas psicológicas, psicosomáticas, económicas y sociales fueron 19.59 ± 5.00 (percentil 25 = 16 y percentil 75 = 24), 12.29 ± 4.56 (percentil 25 = 10 y percentil 75 = 15), 11.22 ± 3.67 (percentil 25) = percentil 8 y 75 = 14) y 15.97 ± 4.04 (percentil 25 = 13.75 y percentil 75 = 19), respectivamente. Los estudiantes varones obtuvieron una puntuación significativamente menor en las subescalas sociales y psicológicas que las mujeres (p< .05). Discusión y conclusión Una cuarta parte de los estudiantes obtuvo una puntuación de miedo > 70 en la C19P-S. Estos resultados indican la necesidad de aplicar medidas extremas para reducir la fobia al Coronavirus entre los estudiantes universitarios.

PREVALENCE AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES OF SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER AMONG MEDICAL UNDERGRADUATES

Background: Social anxiety disorder is a common mental health disorder characterized by persistent fear of being embarrassed, humiliated, rejected and looked down by others. It can cause impairment in education and in professional achievement, quality of life and social relationships. The objective of this study was to measure the prevalence and study associated factors of social anxiety disorder among students of a tertiary medical college and hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 403 medical students of a medical college and Hospital. The questionnaire used in the study had questions related to socio-demographic details and had the social phobia inventory (SPIN) questionnaire which was used to assess social anxiety disorder. Results: Out of 403 medical students, 61.53% (n=248) students were not having any type of social anxiety disorder. Among 38.46% (n=155) of students who were having SAD, 21.33%(n=86) were having mild SAD and 17.11% (n=69) were having signi?cant SAD. Mild social anxiety is considered as normal. Factors such as age, year of study, self- perception of facial appearance, history of chronic illness, academic performance satisfaction and language barrier were found to be statistically associated with SAD. Conclusion: Social anxiety disorder was signi?cantly associated with age, year of study, self perception of facial appearance, history of chronic illness, academic performance satisfaction and language barrier.

The endocannabinoid system in social anxiety disorder: from pathophysiology to novel therapeutics

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder that presents with an early age of onset, chronic disease course, and increased risk of psychiatric comorbidity. Current treatment options for SAD are associated with low response rates, suboptimal efficacy, and possible risk of adverse effects. Investigation of new neurobiological mechanisms may aid in the identification of more specific therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disorder. Emerging evidence suggests that the endogenous cannabinoid system, also referred to as the endocannabinoid system (ECS), could play a potential role in the pathophysiology of SAD. This review discusses the known pathophysiological mechanisms of SAD, the potential role of the ECS in this disorder, current drugs targeting the ECS, and the potential of these novel compounds to enhance the therapeutic armamentarium for SAD. Further investigational efforts, specifically in human populations, are warranted to improve our knowledge of the ECS in SAD.

Memory bias and personality characteristics in college students with social anxiety disorder

Abstract Introduction Some individuals are more susceptible to recalling false information about events that never happened in their life. Nevertheless, there are several factors, such as personality characteristics, that appear to be related to memory performance. Social anxiety also provokes memory deficits for events that happen to other people, because these individuals tend to focus on their own inner selves rather than on external signs. Objective To investigate the influence of the personality characteristics of individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) on memory performance. Methods In this study, 183 university students had their memory tested using a complex emotional story about a mother and her son. Only subjects without clinical symptoms of depression and general anxiety (N = 148; 61 with SAD) were included in the study. Participants were compared for differences in personality characteristics using the Factorial Inventory of Personality and for SAD using the Social Phobia Inventory. Results The main results showed that memory performance of individuals with low percentile ranks in the personality characteristic dominance, i.e., those with low self-esteem, remembered more true information about the story than those with high scores when they did not have SAD. Conclusion The results are helpful to foster better understanding of the personality characteristics related to SAD, such as low dominance, which implies low self-esteem and difficulties with trust and with imposing themselves on others. The results could help development and improvement of techniques for therapeutic intervention.

Unexpected improvement of hyperhidrosis with cannabidiol

ABSTRACT Hyperhidrosis is characterized by excessive sweating and it affects almost 5% of the population. The affected age group is wide, and it can affect from children to elderlies. There are two types of hyperhidrosis: generalized and focal. Treatment depends on the symptoms presented. In more severe cases, radiofrequency sympatholysis and bilateral thoracic sympathectomy are the options. However, recurrence is possible or the postoperative appearance of conditions called compensatory hyperhidrosis or reflex hyperhidrosis. We describe two cases of patients treated with Cannabidiol who had significant and unexpected improvement of hyperhidrosis. The first patient received Cannabidiol specific for public presentations at work, and the second patient had a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. The hyperhidrosis improved in both patients immediately after using Cannabidiol.

Phobia of COVID-19 on people who aged 18 and older

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate the participants with the COVID-19 scale in order to see the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people, which has affected the whole world along with our country, to be able to take the necessary precautions for the current pandemic and similar pandemics and to minimize the negative aspects globally. METHODS: A total of 1010 people who aged 18 and older (between the ages of 18-76) were included in the research. Besides from the personal information of people who aged 18 and older such as a city of residence, age, gender, profession, education, the number of people who live in the same house, their chronic illnesses, marital status, and the existence of a child, a 20-question phobia of COVID-19 scale was carried out. The results were 95% reliable, and their significance was evaluated to be on p<0.05 level. RESULT: The COVID-19 Phobia Scale point for women was 54.97±14.44 while it was 51.28±14.06 for men, and between the two groups, there is a high level of significant difference (p<0.05) statistically, COVID-19 Phobia Scale point of people who have chronic illnesses is 56.51±15.84, meanwhile, the point of people who have no chronic illnesses was found to be 52.96±13.99, and it was detected that this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Besides the COVID-19 pandemic affecting the whole society, we see that the women population and people who have chronic illnesses are going through much more fear and anxiety.

Increased body sway in phobic patients exposed to images of spiders

Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze the body sway response in specific phobia (SP) patients and healthy controls while viewing neutral, phobic, and disgusting images. Methods: The participants' heart rate (HR) and skin conductance were also recorded during the procedure. Nineteen patients with arachnophobia and 19 healthy volunteers matched by age, gender, and years of education underwent a postural control test on a stabilometric platform. Results: The platform recorded increased body sway in the SP group when exposed to spider images (SPI). The SP group presented increases in most parameters (SD, velocity, frequency, area, p ≤ 0.05) when viewing pictures of the SPI category. Psychometric measures of subjective anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI) and physiological states (HR; skin conductance responses; spontaneous fluctuations in skin conductance) showed increased anxiety (p ≤ 0.05) in the SP group compared to healthy volunteers. High anxiety levels were observed throughout the assessment, including the task of exposure to SPI (p ≤ 0.05). No significant effect or correlation was found between skin conductance and body sway measures (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of the postural control test suggest the occurrence of a defensive escape response in SP, in agreement with previous evidence.

Nosophobia, hypochondriasis, and willingness of people to seek healthcare amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Calabar Metropolis of Cross River State, Nigeria

Aim: This study investigated the prevalence of nosophobia, hypochondriasis, and willingness of people to seek healthcare amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Calabar Metropolis of Cross River State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey design and questionnaire was used to collect data from 200 respondents randomly sampled. Data were sorted, cleaned, coded, and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software, and hypotheses tested using Chi-square test, significant at 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.05). Results: One hundred and eighty two (91%) respondents presented with nosophobia and hypochondriasis, slightly more in women (92 [46%]) as compared to men (90 [45%]), and these had increased with age. Phobia was attributed more to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (48 [24%]), and human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (40 [20%]) as compared to other diseases, that also, instilled fear and anxiety on respondents. One hundred and fifty seven (78.5%) displayed poor willingness to seek healthcare. Conclusions: Nosophobia and hypochondriasis were found to be associated with age and healthcare seeking behaviour. Gender and education did not play significant role. Fear varied according to the type of diseases. Therefore, public sensitisation is necessary.

Ansiedade social: adaptação e evidências de validade da forma curta da Social Interaction Anxiety Scale e da Social Phobia Scale para o Brasil / Social anxiety: adaptation and evidence of validity of the short form of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale for Brazil

OBJETIVO: A ansiedade social é um transtorno psicológico pouco publicizado, mas com importante distribuição epidemiológica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo adaptar para o contexto brasileiro as versões reduzidas da Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) e da Social Phobia Scale (SPS) (SIAS-6 e SPS-6) e produzir evidências de validade. Essas escalas avaliam ansiedade em interações sociais e ansiedade social diante da possibilidade de escrutínio por outras pessoas, sendo complementares. MÉTODOS: Como são escalas com reconhecido uso internacional, a adaptação para o Brasil pode trazer contribuições para as investigações clínicas e científicas acerca do transtorno de ansiedade social. Foram realizados processos criteriosos para a adaptação (tradução, avaliação por juízes, retrotradução, avaliação pelo público-alvo) e conduzido um levantamento on-line com 1.049 pessoas, maiores de 18 anos, com média de idade de 25,98 anos (DP = 7,55). RESULTADOS: Utilizaram-se Análises Fatoriais Confirmatórias e, desse modo, constatou-se que os índices de ajuste produzidos são, em geral, adequados (SRMR < 0,04, CFI > 0,96, TLI > 0,94 e RMSEA < 0,05) e que os itens possuem cargas fatoriais adequadas (entre 0,441 e 0,837). As evidências de validade discriminante também se mostraram satisfatórias, conseguindo diferenciar grupos por renda e orientação sexual, como esperado pela literatura. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que as escalas são adequadas para uso no Brasil, tanto para uso em separado como para uso combinado, como fatores correlacionados.

OBJECTIVE: Social anxiety is a poorly publicized psychological disorder, but with an important epidemiological distribution. The present study aimed to adapt the reduced versions of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS) (SIAS-6 and SPS-6) to the Brazilian context and produce evidence of validity. These scales assess anxiety in social interactions and social anxiety in face of the possibility of scrutiny by other people, being complementary. METHODS: As they are scales with recognized international use, adaptation to Brazil can bring contributions to clinical and scientific investigations about Social Anxiety Disorder. Judicious processes for adaptation were carried out (translation, evaluation by judges, back-translation, evaluation by the target audience) and an online survey was conducted with 1,049 people, over 18 years of age with an average age of 25.98 years (SD = 7.55). RESULTS: Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used and, thus, it was found that the adjustment indexes produced are, generally, adequate (SRMR < 0.04, CFI > 0.96, TLI > 0.94 and RMSEA < 0.05) and that the items have adequate factor loads. Evidence of discriminant validity was also satisfactory, managing to differentiate groups by income and sexual orientation as expected by the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the scales are suitable for use in Brazil, both for separate use and for combined use, as correlated factors.

Síntomas de ansiedad y depresión en personal de salud que trabaja con enfermos de COVID-19 / Anxiety and depression symptoms in health personnel who work with COVID-19 patients

El personal de salud pública que se enfrenta a la COVID-19, está expuesto a múltiples riesgos entre ellos los trastornos psicológicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de síntomas asociados a ansiedad y depresión en personal de salud que trabaja con enfermos de la COVID-19. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el que participaron 61 profesionales y técnicos de atención sanitaria, que trabajaban directamente con pacientes con COVID-19, a los cuales se les consultó acerca de la presencia de síntomas asociados a la depresión y ansiedad, sus principales preocupaciones y el tiempo de trabajo continuo para evitar la aparición de síntomas psicológicos. El 64,1% de los participantes relató nerviosismo y 59,2% cansancio, para el 90,16% la principal preocupación fue el fallecimiento del paciente y el 60,66% de los participantes indicó que el período ideal, de atención continua de pacientes COVID-19, para evitar la aparición de síntomas psicológicos era de 7 días. Nuestros resultados sugieren que es necesario elaborar estrategias de trabajo para disminuir la aparición de síntomas asociados al deterioro de la salud mental de los profesionales de la salud que atienden pacientes COVID-19

Public health personnel facing COVID-19 are exposed to multiple risks including psychological disorders. The goal of this study was to determine the presence of symptoms associated with anxiety and depression in health personnel working with COVID-19 patients. A descriptive cross-sectional study involving 61 health care professionals and technicians was conducted, working directly with COVID-19 patients, who were consulted about the presence of symptoms associated with depression and anxiety, their main concerns and ongoing working time to avoid the onset of psychological symptoms. 64.1% of participants reported nervousness and 59.2% tiredness, for 90.16% the main concern was the patient's death and 60.66% of participants indicated that the ideal period, of continuous care of COVID-19 patients, to prevent the onset of psychological symptoms was 7 days. Our results suggest that work strategies need to be developed to decrease the onset of symptoms associated with deteriorating mental health of health professionals caring for COVID-19 patients

Social Anxiety Disorder is not just shyness: A Common but Underdiagnosed Condition

@#Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common but unfortunately under-recognised type of anxiety disorder, leading to 80 percent of the patients undertreated. SAD can present a diagnostic challenge to primary care physicians as patients may present only when they start developing psychiatric comorbidities. Recognition and differential diagnosis of SAD is important for primary care physicians as untreated SAD is highly associated with comorbidities and significant functional impairment. Our objective in presenting this case series of SAD is to illustrate the typical and atypical ways SAD can present, including an atypical case that may have been mistaken as a psychotic disorder. We also discuss the differential diagnosis, Etiology and treatment for SAD. SAD often shows good response to medications and psychotherapy. Hence, it is important to recognise and provide appropriate early intervention to prevent the development of comorbidities and improve function.

Presença de sintomas de fobia social, transtorno do pânico e ansiedade de separação em estudantes de 11 a 17 anos, em uma escola da rede pública de ensino de Salvador / Presence of symptoms of social phobia, panic and separation anxiety in students aged 11 to 17 years from a school of th public system of Salvador

Introdução: crianças e adolescentes, não raro, apresentam sintomas de fobia social, transtorno do pânico e ansiedade de separação, que podem causar comprometimento nas habilidades sociais e dificultar as relações de forma incapacitante. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar a presença de sintomas fóbicos sociais, transtorno de pânico e ansiedade de separação em adolescentes, com idade entre 11 e 17 anos, de uma escola pública da cidade de Salvador. Metodologia: este é um estudo observacional, transversal, que integra outro mais amplo, realizado em escola pública de Salvador, entre março e dezembro de 2015. A escala Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression foi aplicada em uma amostra de 674 alunos. Resultados: os alunos apresentaram sintomas de fobia social, transtorno do pânico e ansiedade de separação, em escala crescente, de acordo com a idade.

Introduction:children and adolescents often present symptoms of social phobia, panic disorder and separation anxiety disorder, which can cause social impairments and hinder relationships in a disabling way. Objective: this study aims to investigate the presence of social phobia, panic disorder and separation anxiety symptoms in adolescents aged between 11 and 17 years from a public school in the city of Salvador. Methodology: the present study is an observational cross-sectional research, which is part of a broader study conducted in a public school in Salvador, between March and December 2015. The Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) was used in a sample of 674 students. Results: the students presented symptoms of social phobia, panic disorder and separation anxiety on an increasing scale proportional to age.

Depressão e fobia social: um caso clínico de avaliação e intervenção cognitivo-comportamental / Depression and social phobia: a clinical case study of cognitive-behavioral therapy evaluation and intervention / Depresión y fobia social: un caso clínico de evaluación y intervención cognitivo-conductual

Este artigo pretende dar a conhecer os resultados duma intervenção cognitivo-comportamental num caso clínico de um jovem com problemas de violência doméstica. Apresenta sintomas depressivos que o prejudicam a nível pessoal, acadêmico e social. Para além disso, manifesta medo e ansiedade acerca de diversas situações de âmbito social em que é exposto à possível avaliação por parte dos outros e receio de que possa vir a comportarse de modo embaraçador. A avaliação psicológica permitiu diagnosticar uma perturbação depressiva e fobia social, tendo sido acionada a intervenção cognitivo-comportamental com base no modelo cognitivo para a depressão, de Beck, e no modelo cognitivo para a ansiedade social, de Clark e Wells. Os resultados da intervenção foram positivos, indicando a importância da terapia cognitivo-comportamental nesses tipos de perturbação.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a cognitive-behavioral therapy clinical case report of a young man with domestic violence issues. The subject shows depressive symptoms that affect him on a personal, academic and social level. Furthermore, he shows fear and anxiety about several social situations in which he may fall under the scrutiny from other people, and worries about the likelihood of behaving in an embarrassing manner. With the psychological assessment, the subject was diagnosed with depression and social phobia, and cognitive-behavioral therapy based on Beck´s Cognitive Model of Depression and Clark & Wells’s Cognitive Model for Social Anxiety were started off. The results of the intervention were positive, indicating the importance of cognitive-behavioral therapy in this kind of disorders.

Este artículo pretende dar a conocer los resultados de una intervención cognitivo-conductual en un caso clínico de un joven con problemas de violencia doméstica. Él presenta síntomas depresivos que lo perjudican a nivel personal, académico y social. Más allá de eso, presenta miedo y ansiedad sobre muchas situaciones sociales en las que es expuesto a la posible evaluación por parte de los demás y miedo de comportarse de manera embarazosa. La evaluación psicológica ha permitido diagnosticar un disturbio depresivo y fobia social, y fue accionada la intervención cognitivoconductual basada en el Modelo Cognitivo de la depresión de Beck y en el Modelo Cognitivo para la ansiedad social de Clark y Wells. Los resultados de la intervención fueron positivos, indicando la importancia de la terapia cognitivo-conductual en este tipo de disturbios.

Loneliness, social anxiety, social support, and internet addiction among postgraduate college students

Background: There is little evidence that loneliness, social anxiety, and social support can cause excessive use of internet addiction in college students. The present study is just an attempt to show a relationship between loneliness, social anxiety, social support, and internet addiction among college students. Methodology: Cross-sectional study design was used to select sample from four departments (History, Philosophy, Hindi, and English) of Ranchi University using simple random sampling. A total of 100 students were included and informed consents were taken for further assessment. Sociodemographic datasheet, the revised UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale, the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), the Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) were administered. Study was undertaken with the permission of scientific and ethics committee of Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi. Data was analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: High level of loneliness (92%), social anxiety in 21%, social phobia in 22%, and severe internet addiction was present in 15% of the respondents. Loneliness has a significant positive correlation with social anxiety (r=0.285, p<0.01). In regression analysis, social anxiety, perceived social support, and internet addiction contributed significantly to the prediction of loneliness among college students [F(3,96)=4.492, p=0.005] accounting at 1.23% variance. Social anxiety strongly contributes to the variance on the loneliness (Beta=0.358, t=3.389, p=0.001). Conclusion: Social anxiety has a significant relationship with loneliness and act as prominent predictors for loneliness. Prevalence of internet addiction was high among college going students.

Adaptation of cognitive behaviour therapy in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case study

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has been proved to be one of the most well-researched and effective therapy. It has been found effective in many clinical conditions in children and adolescents as well. Application of therapeutic processes gets complicated by the facts that childhood and adolescent problems do not come in neat packages and tend to overlap and/or coexist. For instance, there is much overlap among clinical problems like anxiety, depression, behavioural problems, and between reading and writing difficulties, and attention and hyperactivity. Many behavioural and emotional disturbances in children are also associated with specific medical conditions. The relationship between physical and/or medical conditions and emotional and behavioural disorders in children and adolescent has been documented in various studies. This demands attention to the therapeutic intervention to the childhood problems with greater monitoring and modulation. Use of CBT in childhood and adolescent problems for efficiency and convenience may be grouped into externalising and internalising disorders, and the management techniques may be formulated and tailored to meet the two opposing dimensions. In this case study, index client was an eight years old girl who presented with compulsive behaviour along with anxiety and fear, and the application of CBT techniques, its adaptability and efficacy in this case of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with specific phobia would be discussed.

Psychometric properties of the Brazilian Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale - Short Version (IUS-12)

Abstract Introduction The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale - Short Version (IUS-12) is a measure of trait intolerance of uncertainty. Objective The purpose of the present study was to conduct a cross-cultural adaptation of the IUS-12 for use in Brazil and to investigate the scale's psychometric properties. Methods The research was conducted via an online research platform with a sample (n = 704; 80.1% female and 19.9% male) from different states in all five regions of Brazil. Participants were adults between 18 and 59 years of age (mean = 26.74; standard deviation = 8.36) who completed the Brazilian version of the IUS-12 online along with other anxiety-related measures. Results Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the original two-dimensional structure fit the sample well. The total score for the scale had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha [α] = 0.88), as did both subscales (i.e. Prospective IU α = 0.79; Inhibitory IU α = 0.86). Conclusions The results demonstrated strong positive correlations with measures of anxiety-related constructs, contributing to the transdiagnostic understanding of IU. The IUS-12 appears to be a useful tool for assessment of IU and its availability has several implications of theoretical importance and practical utility for understanding of psychopathology and uncertainty.